Nursing image petition and call for action assignment

Nursing picture appeal and call for activity - Assignment Example The name of this character is Vivian Scully; this character showed up in eight scenes of the twelve scene season. Vivian Scully is understudy of nursing, and she is aggressive, however her desire her constrained to have a specialist spouse, who is youthful, gorgeous, and rich. All through the primary season the character of Vivian Scully is demonstrated to be reveled into alluring Dr. Ethan Haas, who is youthful, gifted and attractive. In actuality â€Å"the nurture continues a collective and deferential relationship with associates in nursing and other fields† (International Council of Nurses, 2012 p4). The show has anyway tied up the entire staff of the Washington University’s Hospital into a market of joy, which is very shocking, for individuals who are of a social insurance framework, and the individuals who regard these experts. The reason for media is to feature the basic issues, and to make individuals mindful about reality (Spurr, Berry, and Walker, 2013). In any case, in media outlet there is little influence that permits the specialists to depict the world as per the topic that they have imagined in their psyches. With the opportunity of articulation, there is additionally some obligation on the specialists, they should not make fiction that adulterate the truth or put it topsy turvy (Hoeve, Jansen, and Roodbol, 2014). Nursing is one of the callings that have endured on account of film chiefs, and content scholars (Weaver, Salamonson, Koch, and Jackson, 2013). â€Å"The nurture consistently keeps up measures of individual direct which think about well the calling and upgrade its picture and open confidence†( International Council of Nurses, 2012 p 3). In motion pictures and dramatizations be that as it may, medical attendants are depicted as shallow animals; the job Vivian Scully in one of the on going HBO’s creations for example The Masters of Sex has not done equity to the calling of nursing. I acknowledge that experts engaged with nursing are not of a similar mentality or bore,

How to Pass the ACT Expert Guide

Instructions to Pass the ACT Expert Guide SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There’s such a great amount of information out there about excelling on the ACT - a ton of it is extremely useful with regards to planning for the test! Yet, this assault of data can get truly overpowering, particularly when you simply need a straightforward response to a basic inquiry: how would you pass the ACT? I'm not catching It's meaning to â€Å"Pass† the ACT? On this test, there’s just a scope of potential scores - what establishes a phenomenal, poor, or normal score will rely vigorously upon your casing of reference. At last, what characterizes a passing ACT score is thatit’s sufficiently high to get you into the schools you’re applying to. This clearly changes generally by understudy. Your ACT score doesn’t must be ideal for you to â€Å"pass† (in spite of the fact that it never under any circumstance damages to raise your score) - it simply must be adequate. Presently, this gets somewhat convoluted on the grounds that your ACT score isn't the main piece of your school applications. In the event that your ACT score is especially low, be that as it may, school affirmations officials may have better standards for different pieces of your application (for example GPA, extracurriculars). On the off chance that your score is sufficiently low, your application may get hurled out regardless of whether the remainder of your application is solid. For this post, at that point, I’m going to characterize a â€Å"passing† ACT score as one that won’t get your application hurled out. In a perfect world, be that as it may, your ACT score will be one that helps (rather than harms) your school applications. Continue perusing to get familiar with how to make sense of these score benchmarks for yourself. The most effective method to Set an ACT Goal Score Before you learnhow to pass the ACT, you need to make sense of what passing methods for you. This requiresa bit of legwork: in particular, investigating what ACT scores are associated with acknowledgment at the schools you’re intrigued by. Here’s how you do it: Make a Preliminary List of Schools This doesn’t must be a last, cleaned list, yet 8-10 schools you’re inspired by is a decent spot to begin. Attempt to choose for the most part â€Å"target† schools - universities where you think you’d have a genuinely decent possibility of getting in. You can incorporate 2-3 â€Å"safety† schools and 2-3 â€Å"reach† schools also, as long as you keep up balance here. Such a large number of security schools and you may set an objective score that’s excessively low. Too many arrive at schools and you may set an objective score that’s preposterously, and discouragingly, high. The first occasion when you do this, you might not have a smart thought of what schools you’d distinguish as reach, target, and wellbeing. That’s alright! Truth be told, it’s sort of the purpose of this activity. You can rehash it the same number of times as fundamental all through the school procedure, modifying your rundown of schools as you go. Look Into Each School’s ACT Info Start by Googling â€Å"PrepScholar [name of school] ACT score.† The first non-advertisement connect that surfaces ought to be the one you need - see underneath for a model. The principal query item here is the one you need. The page will have the normal ACT score and the 25th/75th percentile scores for understudies acknowledged to that specific school. Bring down these numbers for each school. 25th percentile score = 25% of understudies at the school have an ACT score at or beneath that number 75th percentile score = 75% of understudies at the school have an ACT score at or beneath that number Understudies with 75th percentile scores or above for a specific school ordinarily have a decent shot at getting in, excepting any shortcomings or issues with different pieces of their application. Understudies with 25th percentile scores or beneath for the most part have other solid application segments (for example high GPA, incredible expositions) to help their odds. Set Your Benchmark â€Å"Passing† Score This progression is maybe more abstract, so I’ll be as straightforward here as could be expected under the circumstances. On the off chance that you need to go to a passing ACT score, you’ll need to take a gander at a school’s 25th percentile ACT scores. This is a long way from a sure thing, in any case - your odds of getting in will vigorously rely upon the quality of the remainder of your application if your ACT score is at or around the 25th percentile. On the off chance that your GPA is lower than normal for a specific school, for instance, your ACT score would need to be higher so as to compensate for it. I imagine that the best objective (read: perfect) ACT score lies at a school’s 75th percentile score. The 75th percentile is a sweet spot in light of the fact that you’d be increasingly serious (regarding ACT scores) than  ¾ of understudies who are acknowledged to the school. In the event that your run of the mill ACT score is higher than the 75th percentile score, you should think about taking a gander at increasingly serious schools - you need to point as high as you sensibly can here (progressively serious schools regularly mean better notorieties, which will in general lead to better results). Here’s how to set both perfect and â€Å"passing† ACT score benchmarks for yourself: Take the midpoints of the scores you gathered for each school. First the normal of the 25th percentile scores, at that point the normal of the 75th percentile scores. The 25th percentile normal is your â€Å"passing† objective score - the base you ought to focus on. The 75th percentile score is your objective score - the score that has an extraordinary possibility of getting you acknowledged to the schools on your rundown. Imagine a scenario where You’re Worried About Reaching Your Target Score, or Even Your Passing Score. Maybe these scores you’ve determined appear to be higher than you would have anticipated. On the off chance that your passing score specifically appears to be intimidatingly high, there are a couple of things to remember: Recall that your objective score (75th percentile normal) is a perfect objective. It’s expected to be higher than what you’re scoring now (or perhaps what you want to score). On the off chance that the 25th percentile benchmark appears to be excessively high, consider reconsidering your rundown of schools. You should take a gander at universities that are marginally less serious. On the other hand, if you’re as of now at or over that 75th percentile mark, think about taking a gander at increasingly serious universities. Methodologies for Passing the ACT I’m going to separate this segment into two sections implied for two unique kinds of understudies: low-scorers and high-scorers. Here, I’m characterizing score parameters by the national execution principles: high scorers are at around 24 or more (75th percentile broadly), though low scorers are at around 16 and beneath (25th percentile broadly). On the off chance that your exhibition is nearer to the normal (20), look at the two segments and follow steps that you find generally valuable. Your best arrangement from here will rely upon both where you are and where you need to be. The most effective method to Pass the ACT: Guidance for Low Scorers One issue that a ton of low-scorers have is that they’re uncertain of how to center their time and vitality when considering. Understanding your shortcomings is the first and most significant advance to handling ACT prep. The greatest issue for low scorers is frequently critical holes in content information, so distinguishing and filling these holes is commonly a need for ACT prep. Different errors might be expected to: Using up all available time Misconception the inquiry Using up all available time Reckless mistakes So how would you approach distinguishing where your issues are before finding a way to enhance them? In the first place, you’ll need to put some time in some genuine self-examination including a benchmark score. You can’t center around improving before making sense of where you have to improve. Here are best practices for getting a strong pattern and picking up data on your shortcomings: Take a full, planned, indicative practice test Observe which addresses you got off base Count the purposes behind each wrong inquiry: Content Gap: Did you not have the data you expected to answer effectively? Timing Issue: Would you have gotten the inquiry right on the off chance that you hadn’t use up all available time? Question Misunderstanding: Would you have gotten the inquiry right if the inquiry had been all the more clear? Reckless Error: Would you have gotten the inquiry right in the event that you had spent an additional couple of seconds checking your work? In the event that you locate that content information is your most concerning issue, you’ll need to go to your group notes, course readings, and ACT prep books for audit - not simply ACT practice materials. We likewise have a lot of ACT content advisers for kick you off: Extreme ACT English Study Guide Extreme ACT Science Study Guide Extreme ACT Math Study Guide Complete Guide to ACT Writing Once you’ve vanquished significant substance issues, you can focus on explicit substance zones and work on indiscreet mistakes and timing issues. You’ll discover tips for tending to those issues in the following area. Step by step instructions to Pass the ACT: Guidance for High Scorers On the off chance that you’re a moderately high scorer, you presumably have a general thought of where your significant qualities and shortcomings are on the ACT. You’re likely really solid on content generally speaking, in contrast to the regular low scorer. High scorers as a rule lose focuses because of three issues: Inconsiderateness: loss of center prompting senseless mix-ups Timing issues: you basically use up all available time to give each scrutinize its due Content holes: little subject matters that you haven’t aced 100% In the event that you need to draw near to that perfect score, you’ll need to assault every one of these potential issues. I’ll address every one of these issues in this area, however you might need to look at our itemized direct for high scorers for more data. Indiscretion It’s quite simple to recognize an inquiry you’ve missed because of lack of regard. You understand that shocking inclination when you perceive that you would have gotten the inquiry right, if just you’d paid a smidgen more consideration.

Hurdling the Olympic word police - Emphasis

Leaping the Olympic word police Leaping the Olympic word police Today, its precisely two years until the initial service of the Olympics and the second the eyes of the world turn towards London. In any case, promoters not formally connected with the Games should dodge and jump to have the option to take advantage of this consideration without cautioning the Olympic word police. That is on the grounds that a law went in 2006 denies any mix of 2012, games, gold, silver, bronze and London to be utilized by anybody yet official patrons of the occasion. Wearing bodies have made it their business to shield their multi-million-contributing supporters from pioneering encroachers since 1996. That was the year Nike irritated authority Olympic sportswear provider Adidas by setting up their own rose town inverse the primary arena. Also, you may have found out about this years World Cup in South Africa being attacked by a force of orange-clad ladies elevating Bavaria brew to the announced fierceness of Fifa, who had a select arrangement with Budweiser. Ensuring your corporate pitch is a certain something. Be that as it may, marking claims on singular words? Is that out of line? Compose and let us know. In the interim, if non-supports need to capitalize on the worldwide exposure in 2012, theyll need to get imaginative. Getting a portion of the game watching spotlight without referencing the headliner will require reshapings fit for an Olympic tumbler. It would seem that its not just the contending competitors who have only two years left to adapt to the situation.

Love Stories

What is the one feeling that has begun the same number of wars as it has finished? What feeling has had more plays, melodies, and stories expounded on it than all else? Love is that one feeling that makes foes into companions and companions into adversaries. There are such a large number of legends encompass this feeling, from the goddess Athena and Helen of Troy to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. The reason for this paper is to see the extraordinary sentiment of affection however the legends and fantasies. To follow some moment albeit exceptionally significant for sweethearts examples of affection. Sadly, a considerable lot of adoration legends end deplorably, except for a not many which have upbeat endings. For instance, the tales of Pyramus and Thisbe, and Orpheus and Eurydice both have sad endings. Then again, the account of Eros and Psyche can have either a deplorable or a cheerful closure, contingent upon the rendition that is told. Upon closer thought of the legend about Pyramus and Thisbe we discover that their affection was carefully illegal, notwithstanding, this two adoring hearts were indivisible. They used to talk furtively to one another through a thin break in a typical divider that their homes shared. They would meet in various abnormal places just to be as one for some time. For instance they would meet close to a tomb on the edges of the city almost a mulberry tree or in an open field just to talk uninhibitedly. Investigating this legend we may draw a corresponding with Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, for the completion is a comparative one. The two of them bite the dust every so often without considering and investigating a basic circumstance. â€Å"The dark red product of the mulberry is the everlasting dedication of these genuine sweethearts and one urn holds the cinders of the two whom not even passing could part† (Hamilton, Edith, 138). Inside this story love comes to fruition of an enthusiastic however visually impaired and extremely crude inclination. Here adoration is a sort of a substantial illness that two youthful hearts can't comprehend with their brain, in this manner it went to be a deadly one. Another legend I might want to concentrate on is an anecdote about Pygmalion and Galatea. This story is the most sentimental and energizing simultaneously. The topic of adoration is driving all through the story. This affection is bizarre and surprising, for it was tended to not to individual yet to sculpture, that was significantly more than an individual for its maker, it was the more impeccable than any living lady. Love is lit up through each expression of the story. Pygmalion touched it, and gave it presents, for example, little youngsters love; this was an outflow of his affection. We may assume that this adoration is by one way or another a fixation, for at long Pygmalion’s love made his cherished wake up. â€Å"The lady felt the kisses, become flushed and, lifting her bashful eyes up to the light, saw the sky and her sweetheart at the equivalent time† (Hamilton, Edith, 142). Searching for a delicate and durable love we may go to the tale about Baucis and Philemon whose affection made due through the entire their life and toward the end offered them joy of being as one till final gasp. Understood that their lives were at their sunrise they grasped one another and Baucis was transformed into a linden tree and Philemon into an oak. Two distinctive however wonderful trees interweaved with each other represented their genuine romance. In wonder, individuals originated from a far distance to respect and hang wreathes on the branches in their respect. Additionally, we may find out about the fretfulness a caring heart experience. The brilliant model thereof we find in the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice. Orpheus’s love was solid to such an extent that caused him to beat hindrances and spare Eurydice from underground. Notwithstanding God’s disallowance, Orpheus’ restlessness to see adored lady before they step from underground separate them until the end of time. Subsequently, we arrive at a decision that a heart that adores arbitrarily is balanced. Love is constantly over any sensible considerations and rationale. Along these lines, we may continue interminably the rundown of affection designs inside various fantasies and legend. The topic of adoration was constantly a focal one, subsequently it didn't disregard crafted by old Greek gifts of humankind, for example, Ovid for instance. His fantasies and legends will foment ages after us. Our replacements additionally will weep for a lamentable love or cheer at upbeat completion. Reference index: 1.â â â â â Hamilton, Edith. Folklore. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1998, 1942.  Â

Writing a Sample of a Paper to Improve Your Essays Form

Writing a Sample of a Paper to Improve Your Essay's FormMany students think that just because they have prepared their paper for writing a sample of the paper, they should then write the entire essay themselves. This is not a good idea because you must make sure that the writing style that you have chosen matches your thesis statement and the article's topic.Many students get confused by the fact that if they are happy with the writing style in the samples of the paper, they are expected to write the entire essay themselves. Writing an essay can be a very enjoyable experience, especially if you know how to write the essays that you enjoy the most.If you are having a difficult time getting your thoughts down, or you are having difficulty with your essay's thesis statement, then it is a good idea to read a sample of a paper and take a look at the different writing styles that they use. This way, you will be able to find your writing style and achieve the desired results. Once you have found your style, it is easy to develop it further by keeping in mind what they are looking for in the writing samples.When you are asked to write an essay, do not assume that the samples of the paper are the ones that will work best for you. Take the time to carefully read the sample of a paper and make note of what is in it.After you have finished the sample, take the time to read the essays that they gave you and compare them to your original essay. The more you know about the various styles that are used in samples of the paper, the better off you will be when you are finished.If you are able to identify the style that is being used in the samples of a paper, you should then rewrite your original essay to match the style that you are using. This will help you to develop your own style, which will make your original essay look like something that someone else wrote. Once you have rewritten your original essay to match the style of the samples of a paper, you will be able to produ ce a better essay. This will allow you to write more essays in less time, as well as create more original articles that you are proud of.While many students think that writing samples of the paper only provide them with information on how to properly write their essays, they often overlook the fact that they also provide them with information on what to write about in their essays. Taking the time to carefully read the samples of the paper is an important step towards learning what types of topics to cover when you are writing your own essays.

Treasurer of the United States - Free Essay Example

George Washington is widely known as one of the United State of Americas national treasurers because of the significant changes he made to the nation through his presidency. Through writing George Washing, Farewell Address, 1796, he devoted his life to care and protect the country that he loved until the end of his journey in the office. He had decided to leave Americans with an important message through his final speech as president that addressed the number of issues that need to be acknowledged and changed to lead the nation to be more prosperous even after he had retired from the presidency. During his observation of nation, he encouraged Americans to stay away from political parties and permanent foreign alliances that could bring the separation and dangerous in the nation. George Washington first reminded Americans in the importance of unity was what made it strong, but there would be people who would try to weaken the countrys bond. He described his concern was the demographic discrimination among American people who start to judge and drum up sectional tension by spreading false beliefs and ideas by stating, In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interest and views ( George Washingtons Farewell Address..1796. George Washington). In addition, he warned American against different party views in a state that would divide the nation by explaining, This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. (George Washingtons Farewell Address..1796. George Washington). He continuedly expressed the support for two main factors of political prosperity were religion and morality were critical for people and politicians. He emphasized the fact that every American had their own voices despite the differences in religious they all fight against wrong political regimes and won the victory combining all the efforts together. The last thing George Washington mentioned was to avoid the foreign affairs. He believed that America to stay neutral in foreign matters because giving one country favoritism was dangerous and would affect our country one way or other by explaining, Excessive partially for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. (George Washingtons Farewell Address..1796. George Washington). He proposed that ideas in promoting economic ties with foreign nations but not political relations by responding, The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. (George Washingtons Farewell Address..1796. George Washington). To be more specific, he also reflected how America did conduct with foreign nations then they would influence people as well as governme nt to act as they want. In the same way, America could be impacted on different ways of living, morals, and minded by foreign influences. George Washington accomplished so many great things during his life, molding and building the future for all Americans. During his time as president, he understood the importance of unity with religion and mortality through political parties and good relationship with foreign nations. In todays political society, George Washington would be proud of America. His speech has influenced and would always be applied to America. Everybody has a voice to speak, his opinion to help each other and also contribute to voting for the country. However, even today American still has political parties but they both work together effectively. George Washington stated it was the main reason to cause separation, but now it is what kept the government intact and helps to build the better America. America has a good relationship with other countries that people come to visit, study and work that could bring both benefits for them and America.

Why Has The Concept of Sovereignty Proved Such a Powerful Political Concept - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2330 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Why has the concept of Sovereignty proved such a powerful political concept? Introduction That the concept of sovereignty still is a powerful concept can be seen with regard to European integration. The gradual transfer of core powers from EU member states to supranational institutions is a case in point, which consistently reveals the crucial importance of the concept of sovereignty: In the 2009 German Constitutional Court ruling on the Lisbon treaty, the court held that German state sovereignty cannot be transferred to a supranational level as it is ‘simply another name for German democracy’ (Koskenniemi 2010, 241, cf. Grimm 2009). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Has The Concept of Sovereignty Proved Such a Powerful Political Concept" essay for you Create order Hence, the question emerges as to why the concept of sovereignty has been able to exert this long-lasting impact. I will argue that this is enabled by its becoming inextricably linked to notions of self-determination and democratic accountability. I will look at this argument from different perspectives, carving out a view on sovereignty as a concept which is fundamentally political, and which is powerful because it provides space for interpretation. My argument will operate against the backdrop of sovereignty conceived of as ‘supreme authority within a territory’ (Philpott 2014, n.p.). Throughout modernity sovereignty has been associated with the state, namely as a conditio sine qua non of the latter. This prevalence of the state is undergoing profound transformations since the second half of the twentieth century. Based on this observation I will explore how linking sovereignty to self-determination and democratic accountability is more relevant for explaining i ts success than to examine its link with the state. The first part thus analyses the historicity of the concept within the paradigm of state sovereignty, the second looks at its contemporary applicability beyond the state. I. Sovereignty and modernity According to Robert Jackson (2007), since the emergence of modernity in the early sixteenth century the concept of sovereignty became tied up to the notion of the supreme and independent state, which marks its connotation as a fundamentally ‘politicallegal term’ (Jackson 2007, 20). Sovereignty became a constitutive part of the state, closely related to its authority. Moreover, this association of sovereignty with the modern state enabled a shift in the ‘locus of sovereignty’ in the course of the following centuries up to the present day, ‘from rulers and dynasties to parliaments and estates or social classes, and then to the nation or people as a whole’ (Jackson 2007, 22). Jackson’s historical account asserts that while the locus of sovereignty changes over time, the basic tenets of political life remained stable: [T]he land surface of the planet is partitioned into a number of separate bordered territories, †¦ a certain de terminate authority is supreme over all other authorities in each territory, and †¦ those supreme authorities are independent of all foreign authorities. (Jackson 2007, 22) For the present argument, however, what is crucial is the locus of sovereignty: the trajectory from absolutist rulers enthroned by the will of all, as stipulated in Hobbes or Bodin (cf. Hobbes 2008; Bodin 1962), to the notion of ‘popular sovereignty’ (cf. Jackson 2007, 78ff.), in which â€Å"the people† hold sovereignty. It is evident in the answer given to the question for who is entitled to sovereignty: in the notion of popular sovereignty, ‘the authority of the final word resides in the political will or consent of the people of an independent state’ (Jackson 2007, 78). This shift in the understanding of self-determination – from a theoretical self-determination as can be found in Hobbes, where people surrender their sovereignty to the Leviathan voluntarily in order to overcome the primordial state of nature and war of all against all, to the factual self-determination of a nation – is of prime importance for the lasting influence of the concept of sovereignty. But how can this change in conceiving the locus of sovereignty be conceptualised? The shift sheds light on the ‘polemical’ dimension of sovereignty, which surfaces in its its deployment not as a ‘marker of an entity’s sociological thickness but of the needs of present politics’ (Koskenniemi 2010, 232). From this follows a concept of sovereignty operating on two different levels, namely as a term which ‘simultaneously invokes the registers of both description and prescription’ (Kalmo and Skinner 2010, 8). It can be employed both in order to analyse a certain status quo and to express a normative dimension, a desire for a certain outcome. It thus points to the present and the past as well as to the future. Therefore, i t is invested with a fundamentally political dimension, which makes it subject to interpretation. The space opened up by this contestability can be seen as a crucial factor for the longevity of the concept: appealing to sovereignty can serve both to repress and justify absolutist rule and to demand emancipation. It is crucially related to the idea of agency, to the question of who de facto holds and exerts sovereignty, and who is seen to be actually entitled to it. In the course of the twentieth century, for instance, the appeal to self-determination served colonised peoples to demand an end to European imperialism (cf. Jackson 2007, 76). While ‘[i]n the mid-twentieth century the â€Å"self† in self-determination was juridical and territory-focused more often that [sic] it was sociological and people-focused’ (Jackson 2007, 106), the national liberation movements of the second half of the century were built on the right to assert a certain, i.e. national , self-determination. At this juncture, another crucial aspect of sovereignty surfaces, namely the issue of accountability. It manifests itself in the notion of consent expressed by the governed towards those governing. In a representative democracy, consent is volatile and can be both confirmed and withdrawn in the course of elections. This process is to guarantee that the government consistently takes into account the public will – a relation which in the parts of the world colonised by European states was obviously not given (cf. Jackson 2007, 76). Accordingly, the appeal both to self-determination and to the requirement of consent by the governed – democratic accountability – form part of the discourse on sovereignty. This discursive dynamic with which the concept of sovereignty is invested provides a clear view on why it has proved to be as long-lasting. II. Sovereignty beyond the state From those considerations one can deduct a notion of sovereignty as a discursive instrument serving different causes in the hands of different actors. The profoundly political character of appealing to sovereignty can be considered a strong explanation of the powerful role the concept of sovereignty still plays. This can be further explored with reference to the approach developed by Cynthia Weber in Simulating Sovereignty (1995). The work is conceived against the backdrop of the perceived ignorance on behalf of most of International Relations scholars as regards the concept’s historicity (cf. Weber 1995, 2) – a critique in which resonates Rousseau’s dictum that ‘the Sovereign, by the mere fact that it is, is always everything it ought to be’ (Rousseau 1997, 52). I would argue that the critique launched by Weber emerges precisely from the political dimension of sovereignty, a dimension she sees obscured in the mainstream discourse which begs the question as to how a community is constituted (cf. Weber 1995, 8). This again touches on the problematic regarding the notion of â€Å"the people†: how is this abstract entity, which by no means corresponds to the empirical population (cf. Kalmo and Skinner 2010, 11), to be conceived? For Weber, who crucially draws on the work of Baudrillard, especially his Symbolic Exchange and Death (1988), considering this question must take into account the profound change from a ‘logic of representation’ to a ‘logic of simulation’ (Weber 1995, 127), which occurs during the second half of the twentieth century. While the first logic implies the production of an original truth which sovereignty can refer to and which enables political representation (cf. Weber 1995, 123f.), the second logic prevails once the credibility of traditional referents such as â€Å"god† or â€Å"the people† has vanished. Truth is not produced anymore, but †™seduced’ (Weber 1995, 125). Weber examines the logic of representation for the relation between sovereignty and several twentieth century military interventions, that is, actual violations of sovereignty. Through the very violation of sovereignty in a specific case, however, the concept itself is reproduced. The conceptual pair sovereignty/intervention creates a boundary which ‘produces, represents, or writes the state’ (Weber 1995, 125). In a logic of simulation, in contrast, the sovereignty/intervention boundary collapses and is replaced by an interchangeability of both, giving way to the emergence of a new term Weber calls â€Å"sovereigntyintervention† (Weber 1995, 127). This shift creates the need for the ‘simulation’ of this boundary, in order to keep up the concept of the state and sovereignty itself. Weber illuminates this with regard to the US intervention in Panama, which essentially obliterated the difference between sov ereignty and intervention. With Baudrillard, Weber argues that an ‘abili [sic, read: alibi] function’ is deployed, a function which is based on self-referentiality and the closed circulation of interchangeable signifiers (Weber 1995, 128). In a vain ‘to rescue the â€Å"reality principle†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Weber 1995, 128, cf. Baudrillard 1988, 2), in this case, the reality of sovereignty, intervention is appealed to. Weber describes the resulting circular relation as follows: For intervention to be meaningful, sovereignty must exist because intervention implies a violation of sovereignty. To speak of intervention, then, is to suggest that sovereignty does exist. In Baudrillard’s terms, intervention or transgression proves sovereignty or the law. (Weber 1995, 128f.) From this Baudrillardian perspective the persistence of the concept of sovereignty can be explained as an attempt to perpetuate first referents in a time in which those referents have l ost their foundation. Against the backdrop of the non-existence of â€Å"the people†, the appeal to sovereignty can only remain credible if it occurs within a network of other concepts. However, each of those other concepts in itself depends on being embedded in a network of signifiers, thus creating the above mentioned self-referentiality: there is nothing beyond the sign, it is pure simulation: a network of simulacra. From this Weber concludes that ‘[i]nvestigating state sovereignty †¦ requires investigating how states are simulated’ (Weber 1995, 129). Those displacements of the discursive use of the concept of sovereignty reflect its prolonged attraction. In other words, returning to the above mentioned ambiguity as regards its use (it can be employed to describe as well as to prescribe), sovereignty’s very texture has been characterised as ‘sponge-concept’ (Bartelson 1995, 237), from which derives an ‘uncertainty about what sovereignty is’ (Walker 1995, 27). Therefore, Kalmo and Skinner hold that if sovereignty is conceived of ‘as an argument, as a claim to authority, than there is no sense at all in which it can be â€Å"reduced† (Kalmo and Skinner 2010, 7). This brings us back to my argument as to the importance of the factors of self-determination and democratic accountability. First, precisely because self-determination has no empirical referent, but depends on invoking an abstract â€Å"people†, this people’s sovereignty can never be achieved, and therefore has to be appealed to persistently. In the hands of different actors it takes different shapes and refers to different aims, but it always has a prescriptive dimension. The same holds, second, for democratic accountability. Consent is never fixed, because â€Å"the people† who articulates this consent are not. Accordingly, democratic accountability is instable, too, as the governing have to take into account the possibility of the popular consent being withdrawn. The appeal to sovereignty by the multitude, Hardt and Negri (2000), for instance, hold, is floating, and per definition as ‘inconclusive [a] constitutive relation’ as the multitude itself (Hardt and Negri 2000, 103). One answer to the question for the ongoing impact of the concept of sovereignty therefore is that it is an ‘argumentative resource’ (Kalmo and Skinner 2010, 24), while the credibility of its functioning as an analytical tool erodes. Conclusion The Baudrillardian theoretical construct is geared to devaluate all â€Å"traditional† ways of conceptualising sovereignty, as here it is subsumed under a theoretical framework in which simulation has substituted all â€Å"reality†. Yet it provides an enriching perspective on the discursive character of the concept of sovereignty, and therefore helps understanding the persistence of its use. The very intangibility of the concepts sovereignty refers to, be it â€Å"the people† or â€Å"consent†, leaves open a gap which contestation can pierce into. My argument showed that those referents of sovereignty, however, are mediated through the factors self-determination and democratic accountability, which therefore provide the essential link through which the discourse on sovereignty proceeds. Accordingly, while the Baudrillardian perspective developed by Weber mainly looks at the appeals to sovereignty by states themselves, it can also serve emancipatory movements for articulating political demands. What can be said in conclusion, then, is that the very ambiguity of the concept of sovereignty as expressed in the demand for self-determination, for instance, is what made and makes it successful. Bibliography Bartelson J 1995, A Genealogy of Sovereignty, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP. Baudrillard J 1988, ‘Symbolic Exchange and Death’, in: idem., Poster M (ed. and intr.), Selected Writings, pp. 119-148, Stanford: Stanford UP. Bodin J 1962, The Six Bookes of a Commonweale ,McRae K D (ed.), Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Grimm , D 2009, Souverà ¤nità ¤t. Herkunft und Zukunft eines Schlà ¼sselbegriffs , Berlin: Berlin UP.Hobbes T 2008, Leviathan, Gaskin J C A (ed.), Oxford: Oxford UP. Hardt M and Negri A 2000, Empire, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Jackson R 2007, Sovereignty: The Evolution of an Idea, Cambridge, Malden, Mass.: Polity. Kalmo H and Skinner Q 2010, ‘Introduction: a concept in fragments’, in: idem., Sovereignty in fragments: the past, present and future of a contested concept, pp. 1-25, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP. Koskenniemi M 2010, ‘Conclusion. vocabularies of sovereignty – powers of a paradox’, in: Kalmo H and Skinner Q (eds.), Sovereignty in fragments: the past, present and future of a contested concept, pp. 222-242, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP. Philpott D 2014, ‘Sovereignty’, in: Zalta E N (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 Edition), URL https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/sovereignty, accessed 08 Feb. 15. Rousseau J J 1997, The social contract and other later political writings, Gourevitch V (ed.), Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP. Walker R B J 1995, ‘From International Relations to World Politics’ in: Camilleri J A, Jarvis A P and Pasolini A J (eds.), The State in Transition: Reimagining Political Space, pp. 21–38, Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner. Weber, C 1995, Simulating Sovereignty, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge UP.

How Do Dolphins Go to Sleep

Dolphins cant breathe underwater, so every time a dolphin needs to breathe, it has to make the decision to come to the water surface to breathe and supply its lungs with oxygen. Yet a dolphin might only be able to hold its breath for about 15 to 17 minutes. So how do they sleep? Half of Their Brain At a Time Dolphins sleep by resting half of their brain at a time. This is called unihemispheric sleep. The brain waves of captive dolphins that are sleeping show that one side of the dolphins brain is awake while the other is in a deep sleep, called slow-wave sleep. Also, during this time, the eye opposite the sleeping half of the brain is open while the other eye is closed. Unihemispheric sleep was thought to have evolved due to the dolphins need to breathe at the surface, but may also be necessary for protection against predators, the need for toothed whales to stay within their tightly-knit pods, and for regulation of their internal body temperature. Dolphin Mothers and Calves Get Little Sleep Unihemispheric sleep is advantageous to mother dolphins and their calves. Dolphin calves are especially vulnerable to predators such as sharks  and also need to be near their mothers to nurse, so it would be dangerous for dolphin mothers and calves to fall into a full deep sleep like humans do. A 2005 study on captive bottlenose dolphin and orca mothers and calves showed that, at least when  at the surface, both mom and calf appeared awake 24 hours a day during the first month of the calfs life. Also during this lengthy time period, both eyes of the mom and calf were open, indicating that they werent even sleeping dolphin-style. Gradually, as the calf grew, sleep would increase in both the mom and calf. This study was questioned later, as it involved pairs that were only observed at the surface. A 2007 study, though, showed a complete disappearance of rest at the surface for a minimum of 2 months after the calf was born, although occasionally the mother or calf were observed with an eye closed. This may mean that dolphin mothers and calves engage in deep sleep in the early months after birth, but it is for only brief periods. So it appears that early in the dolphins life, neither mothers nor calves get much sleep. Parents: sound familiar? Dolphins Can Stay Alert for at Least 15 Days As mentioned above, unihemispheric sleep also allows dolphins to monitor their environment constantly. A study published in 2012 by Brian Branstetter and colleagues showed that ​dolphins can remain alert for up to 15 days. This study initially involved two dolphins, a female named Say and a male named Nay, who were taught to echolocate to find targets in a pen. When they identified the target correctly, they were rewarded. Once trained, the dolphins were asked to identify targets over longer periods of time. During one study, they performed the tasks for 5 days straight with extraordinary accuracy. The female dolphin was more accurate than the male—the researchers commented in their paper that, subjectively, they thought this was personality-related, as Say seemed more eager to participate in the study. Say was subsequently used for a longer study, which was planned for 30 days but was cut off due to an impending storm. Before the study was concluded, however, Say accurately identified the targets for 15 days, demonstrating that she could perform this activity for a long period of time without interruption. This was thought to be due to her ability to get rest through unihemispheric sleep while still remaining focused on the task she needed to perform. The researchers suggested that a similar experiment should be done while also recording the dolphins brain activity while the tasks are being performed to see if they engage in sleep. Unihemispheric Sleep in Other Animals Unihemispheric sleep has also been observed in other cetaceans (e.g., baleen whales), plus manatees, some pinnipeds, and birds. This type of sleep may offer hope for humans  who have sleep difficulties. This sleep behavior seems amazing to us, who are used to — and usually need to — fall into an unconscious state for several hours each day to recover our brains and bodies. But, as it was stated in the study by Branstetter and colleagues: If dolphins sleep like terrestrial animals, they might drown. If dolphins fail to maintain vigilance, they become susceptible to predation. As a result, the apparent extreme capabilities these animals possess are likely to be quite normal, unspectacular and necessary for survival from the dolphins perspective. Have a good nights sleep! Sources and Further Reading Ballie, R. 2001. Animal Sleep Studies Offer Hope for Humans. Monitor on Psychology, October 2001, Vol 32, No. 9.  Ã¯ » ¿Branstetter, B.K., Finneran, J.J., Fletcher, E.A., Weisman, B.C. and S.H. Ridgway. 2012. Dolphins Can Maintain Vigilant Behavior through Echolocation for 15 Days Without Interruption or Cognitive Impairment. PLOS One.  Hager, E. 2005. Baby Dolphins Dont Sleep. UCLA Brain Research Institute.  Lyamin O, Pryaslova J, Kosenko P, Siegel J. 2007. Behavioral Aspects of Sleep in Bottlenose Dolphin Mothers and Their Calves. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

King Lear Character Analysis - 796 Words

In the play King Lear by william Shakespeare, Lear decides to give up his throne and retire because of his age. Lear decides to divide his kingdom between his three daughters because he has no heir to the throne. Before splitting the country up, Lear asks his daughters to tell him how much they love him and only then will the receive their part of the kingdom. His eldest daughters, Goneril and Regan, shower their father in insincere flattery trying to show their affection. In contrast his youngest and most beloved daughter,Cordelia, gives him a short simple answer, not indulging in his game of who loves me most.Which angers lear Lear and results in him disowning Cordelia. Now that his kingdom is divided into two, Lear is under the care†¦show more content†¦Seeking the throne, Edmund has a man go and kill Cordelia and Lear. But this murder was later intercepted by a knight sent by ALbany, after Edmund, who was stabbed by Edgard, confesses his wrong doing on his deathbed. The servant reveals that Regan and has also died, being poisoned by Goneril, who took her own life. When Lear carries Cordelia’s dead body he thinks he sees her take a breath before he lays down and dies. Major characters: King Lear: The former king of Britain and the protagonist of the play who values appearance of love over actual love and wishes to have the power of a king without the responsibility. Cordelia:Lears youngest daughter who loves and stays loyal to Lear despite him treating her wrongly. Goneril: Lear’s eldest daughter who is amoral and will do anything for power even if it means betraying a family member. Regan: Regan is Lear’s middle daughter who is virtually undisguisable in personality from Goneril. Gloucester - A nobleman loyal to Lear who misjudges which of his children to trust and blames all is problems on the gods. Edgar:Edgar - Gloucester’s older, legitimate son who in the beginning is gullible but later shows his bravery cunningness. Edmund: Gloucester’s illegitimate son who obsession for revenge and power mixed with his cunningness leads to his and many others downfall. Minor characters: Kent: The servant to KingShow MoreRelatedKing Lear Character Analysis1258 Words   |  6 Pagesrespect and honesty is expected. Yet to the demise of many of the characters this expected attitude is only portrayed through a few of them. When this attitude is not portrayed it is not looked upon as odd or out of character it is almost normalized. The king goes mad, Kent’s breaking of a stereotype, Gloucester is naà ¯ve nature, Edmunds superb manipulation, and the fool is the most knowledgeable of all. The first is the king. He goes mad, completely loses all sense of sanity. â€Å"Nature’s aboveRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of King Lear963 Words   |  4 PagesA Child King At first glance, King Lear appears to be simply a selfish man who loses his wealth, his mind, and his life in that order. Sure, he learns a lesson, but it does not do much good because both he and his daughter, Cordelia, die before really making amends. In fact, most everyone dies before really getting anything good done. So why did Shakespeare bother writing this play? Well, Shakespeare was well known for having a deep understanding of mankind and portraying that understanding inRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis714 Words   |  3 PagesIn Act III scene 7 of Shakespeare’s King Lear, Gloucester returns to his castle after secretly guiding Lear to safety. Gloucester hoped to avoid any confrontation by Cornwall and Regan, but his son Edmund, betrayed him and revealed the information. When Gloucester finds Regan and Cornwall, they accuse him of being a traitor. They are both enraged that he has disobeyed their orders by helping Lear who was just kicked out during a terrible storm. After some interrogation by Regan, Gloucester justifiesRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis1511 Words   |  7 PagesA character study written of a mortal man full of unpredictable mental illnesses and insanity can be as confusing as a thing to write as the thoughts within his very own mind. King Lear had a mind that could be compared to a light switch. His emotional states change from one extreme to the other with just that flip of the switch. Lear had a vast need for power and control; this combined with his temper and enormous selfishness created room for many mental outbursts. Best stated by Henry Hudson (1911)Read MoreKing Lear Character Analysis1222 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Obey thy father† (King Lear III-IV 75). What that means is, to honour your father.Edmund, who broke a sin by dethroning his father Gloucester and, as a result Edmund was slain by his brother Edgar. Next, King Lear was betrayed by his three daughters. During act I, scene IV, Lear said. â€Å"Degenerate bastard, I’ll not trouble thee. Yet have I left daughter.† (Lear I IV 242-243). This advises us that King Lear will not be bothering Goneril as Goneril is promptly an extraordinary character. Goneril breaksRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis1196 Words   |  5 Pageswritten play, King Leir, published on May 15, 1594. In the play, the single father, King Leir, was betrayed by his two oldest daughters as he realizes that they do not love him. â€Å"He fled the land, and sailed to Gallia, there to seek some comfort of his youngest daughter Cordeilla, whom before he hated† (Holinshed: Chronicles). Out of all of his children, he favored his youngest Cordeilla due to her â€Å"motherly† personality of caring and love for him. Shakespeare’s version of King Lear is very similarRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of the Characters of King Lear and Hidetora526 Words   |  2 Pagesin human history dont just resurface in critical analysis but are also given new life when channeled through modern media. This is well-exemplified by legendary Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawas 1985 epic, Ran. The highly regarded and high-budgeted film, based on William Shakespeares 1606 play King Lear, demonstrates the power retained by the original play even when dramatically recontextualized. Indeed, in a comparative discussion of King Lear and Hidetora, his counterpart in the Kurosawa filmRead MoreEssay on Character Analysis of King Lear600 Words   |  3 PagesKing Lear, the protagonist of the play, is a truly tragic figure. He is driven by greed and arrogance and is known for his stubbornness and imperious temper, he often acts upon emotions and whims. He values appearances above reality. He wants to be treated as a king and to enjoy the title, but he doesn’t want to fulfill a king’s obligations of governing for the good of his subjects. Similarly, his test of his daughters demonstrates that he values a flattering public display of love over realRead MoreKing Lear and the Genre of Tragedy Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesof the hero. Written between 1604 and 1606, ‘King Lear’ falls into the genre of tragedy, depicting the destruction and downfall of the main character (Abrams). The play centres on Lear, an aging king who, in his retirement, decides to divide his kingdom between his three daughters while retaining the title and privileges of being king. However, King Lear’s actions lead to the destruction of his family, tearing up his kingdom and creating a war. ‘King Lear’ is a tragedy as it follows the codes and conventionsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Timon Of Athens1259 Words   |  6 Pages Of the many people to have critiqued King Lear, A.C. Bradley arguably does the most through job as seen in Lecture VII and VIII of his work Shakespearean Tragedy. In Lecture VII, Bradley begins by discussing the similarities King Lear has to Shakespeare’s other works including Othello and Timon of Athens (245-246). For instance, in Othello, Iago reminds of Edmund and Othello’s trickery reminds us of the deceitfulness of Gloucester. Additionally, the scene where Othello watched Iago and Cassio

My Thoughts On My Future - 1222 Words

Over the years we have many experiences that mold us into the person we are. Twenty years have gone by, and the most valuable thing life has taught me is that my fears will set me free. I must follow my fears, and be determined to face them. Facing my fears benefits me because most of the time my fears are the reason my dreams get stalled. With the right mindset, I began to see my dreams unfold and my happiness increase tremendously. I was scared that I would live a mediocre life, that is I would graduate from college, attend the same university all my high school classmates attend, and continue to experience the same old Missouri life I was used to. That is what some people want, but I have always wanted more. I dreamt of experience, people who are full of life, and a new environment that I could benefit from. Although contradicting this was my fear to leave the people and places I had known my whole life. As I continued to push my fear to the back of my mind, I took it upon myself to take the first step. I applied to twenty universities out of state. As my acceptance letters rolled in, I felt a knot in my stomach, thinking about how much things were going to change. My financial situation made my college decision almost impossible, but I still knew I wanted to find a way to fulfill the potential inside of me that was ready to bloom. I craved the change that I feared, so I packed my bags, and drove to California. I started my journey after high school inShow MoreRelatedHow I Could Evaluate My Own Experience1458 Words   |  6 Pagesexpose critically how I could evaluate my own experience in relation to the theories and idea about Leadership. As such as how this lectures and insights change my person notion about Leadership and how I could amplify my knowledge about this subject. Also the most important in this reflection is to present the importance of Leadership in my future experience. 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Five Techniques to Turn Your Best Friend Into Your Girlfriend Free Essays

Good afternoon, my fellow friends. I believe at our age, most of us are looking for a suitable life partner and often, we fall for our friends. To be honest, falling for a friend is completely normal; you do not have to condemn yourself for feeling that way. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Techniques to Turn Your Best Friend Into Your Girlfriend or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead of feeling down and miserable about this sudden ‘curse’ established to you, try to be a little optimistic now, for a change. Today, I would like to talk about the five techniques on how to turn your best friend into your girlfriend. First, stop acting as â€Å"just a friend†. You need to deliver the message loud and clear through your actions and body language. Make her feel that you want to be more than just friends without confessing your feelings just yet. You can try to be a bit more flirty, possessive and protective of her. Tell her she’s pretty and special, be a bit romantic and be a gentleman around her. I’m sure that she will definitely start to see you in a different light. Second, don’t be too available 24/7. If you used to talk to her or text her very often, you can now disappear for a while. Don’t ask her out, don’t return her calls; tell her you’re busy or do whatever it takes to make her wonder what you’re up to. Give her some alone time and make her miss you! From there, she’ll be thinking more of you, and it’s one of the best ways to make her fall all over for you without too much of an effort on your side. She might also take the first step and text you first, like â€Å"Hey, what are you up to? Why haven’t you text me lately? † If she does text you first, that means the trick works. Congratulations, she missed you! Third, get her off guard then flatter her out of the blue. I can tell you that most of the women tend to love a bit of a surprise every once in a while. Hold her hand, hold her close, tell her you’re falling for her on the time when she least expects it. Don’t be scared, just give in to your impulses and be spontaneous. Fourth, send her something nice. Who doesn’t love receiving gifts? Sending a girl something nice is the best way to make her happy. Don’t just stick to the basic like roses and chocolates. Try something new. But before that, you have to know the things she likes and get the idea from there. Make a little twist with it and show your side of being creative, something that she will definitely like and remind her of you. If she oesn’t seem to get your message or can’t tell you’re actually flirting, then use this last trick. Look her in the eye and hold her hand. You don’t have to do it for long, three seconds will do. That’s enough to ride her nuts and a great chance to make her fall for you. I’m sure by now you already know how to turn your best friend into your girlfriend. Let us go through this again. There are five techniques to turn your best friend into your girlfriend. First, stop acting â€Å"just as friend†. Second, don’t be too available 24/7. Third, flatter her out of the blue. Fourth, send her something nice and lastly, try holding her hand. How to cite Five Techniques to Turn Your Best Friend Into Your Girlfriend, Papers

Risk Management and Present Value of Investment

Question: 1. Write a short essay each of the following questions. For each question, illustrate with an appropriate example in your answer.a. Risk aversion implies that corporate managers will only invest in low risk investments. Critically evaluate this statement (indicate whether you agree or disagree in your answer).b. Is it possible for an ordinary annuity to have the same present value as perpetuity if the cash flows and discount rates are identical? Explain. Answer: 1.a) The Investment process has a degree of inherited risks that cannot be avoided. Risk is defined in terms of variability of return from a given investments. It is also defined as the probability that the expected return will differ from the actual return. The greater risk implies a greater variability of outcomes whereas lesser risk implies a lesser variability of returns (DeFusco et al., 2015). The risks that are faced by corporate managers can be classified into specific risks and systematic risks. The risk associated with an individual investment can be termed as specific risk and it can be eliminated through proper diversifications. There is always a risk that secured investments can also lose value and this type of risk is called systematic risks (Nakano et al., 2014). The understanding of the relationship between risk and return is very important for investment and they are: If the investor were willing to take more risk then, the investor would expect higher returns. If the investor is unwilling to take higher risks then the investor should accept lower returns. The relationship between the risk and return therefore provides that if an investment has more risk then, it should offer higher returns. Otherwise, it would be prudent to invest in risk free investment where it can get low return for low risks. The degree of risk that a corporation is willing to take depends on how risk averse is the investing manager of that corporation. There are certain individuals that undertake a higher degree of risk for generating a little extra return. The risk averse corporate managers on the other hand are not unwilling to take risks but they requires a higher return for risky investments. The risk averse corporate managers insist that there should be a premium or additional compensation for taking risks (Brealey et al., 2012). The statement provided in the question that risk averse corporate managers will only invest in low risk investment is not correct. As it can be seen from the discussion above that a risk averse corporate managers require a higher return for taking higher risk. In conclusion, it can be said that risk aversion therefore does not imply that no risky investment will be made. It only suggests that risky investment should be adequately compensated with higher returns to justify the higher risk. For example if there are two investment opportunity A and B. The beta of A being 1.2 is risky investment and beta of B 0.80 is low risk investment. Therefore, if the return from both the investment is same then a risk averse corporate manager will invest in B because it will receive same return with low risks. A risk averse corporate manager will only invest in A if it offers a higher return than B. 1. b) The present value represents the current monetary value of payments that is to be received in future. It describes the future sum of money that is worth today. This principal of present value can be applied to the finite series of annual payments that is annuity. It can also be applied theoretically to infinite number of future payments that is perpetuity (Kashyap, 2014). An annuity may be defined as the series of equal cash flows that is received at equal intervals for a finite number of periods. The Annuities are of two types depending on the timing of the payment ordinary annuities and annuity due. In case of ordinary annuities, payments are made at the end of the specific time period. For example if $1000.00 is to be received yearly in the form of annuity. Then in the case of ordinary annuity, this $1000.00 is to be received after one year and in case of annuity due this $1000.00 will be received at the beginning of the year. The annuities whether ordinary annuity or annuity due does not continue forever and they are for specific period. Perpetuity on the other hand does not have any specific period. Perpetuity can be explained as a series of equal payments that is to be received forever (Xingyun, 2015). The present value of an annuity is calculated by using the following formula: PV= (P/r) (1-(1+r) ^ -n) Here P stands for payment received each period, n stands for number of period and r stands for the interest rate or discounting factor. For example, if an annuity of $1500.00 is received annually for 10 years. If the rate of interest per annum is 3.5% then the Present value of the annuity will be: PV= (1500/0.035)(1-1.035^-10) = $127474.91 When the annual payment continues forever then the annuity becomes perpetuity (Wicksell, 2013). The present value of perpetuity is calculated by using the following formula: PV=P/r Here P stands for payment received at the end of each period and r is the discounting rate or interest rate. Continuing with the above example the present value of perpetuity for $1500.00 at 3.5% rate would be: PV= 1500/0.035 = $42857.14 Based on the above discussion and by the help of the example it can be concluded that present value of annuity and perpetuity cannot be identical even if the rate of interest and the cash flows are identical. Reference Brealey, R. A., Myers, S. C., Allen, F., Mohanty, P. (2012).Principles of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. DeFusco, R. A., McLeavey, D. W., Pinto, J. E., Anson, M. J., Runkle, D. E. (2015).Quantitative investment analysis. John Wiley Sons. Kashyap, A. (2014). Capital Allocating Decisions: Time Value of Money.Asian Journal of Management,5(1), 106-110. Nakano, M., Otsubo, F., Takasu, Y. (2014).Effects of Accounting Conservatism on Corporate Investment Levels, Risk Taking, and Shareholder Value(No. 14-E-10). Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan. Wicksell, K. (2013).Interest and prices: a study of the causes regulating the value of money. Read Books Ltd. Xingyun, P. E. N. G. (2015). Time Value of Money.World Scientific Book Chapters, 49-70.

The Second Brandenburg Concerto free essay sample

Composing for the inauguration of a harpsichord he had acquired in Berlin, Bach prepared the Brandenburg Concertos in 1720. [1] Drawing from a wide range of musical influences and styles, Bach pays tribute to and in many ways surpasses the works of his contemporaries, ultimately and undeniably furthering the concerto form. The concerto is a genre of instrumental works of three movements performed by one or more solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra. In a musical context, the term â€Å"concerto† (from the Latin concertare; â€Å"to contend, to dispute, to debate† and â€Å"to work together†)[2] was initially used inconsistently to refer to a variety of forms and functions, including vocal ensembles, mixed vocal/instrumental groups, and the act of accompanying. As the form developed, the term gained its lasting definition. The instrumental concerto emerged in the late 17th century. In Italy, two distinct styles arose, reflecting different approaches to musical structure and scoring. The Roman concerto featured a small ensemble of instrumentalists (called the concertino) playing in unison, contrapuntally or in alternation, accompanied by the larger concerto grosso or ripieno. We will write a custom essay sample on The Second Brandenburg Concerto or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Northern Italian concertos were written for much smaller orchestras, with sometimes as little as five instrumental voices, and emphasized the role of a single soloist (usually a violinist) backed by relatively light accompaniment. The genre flourished in the early 18th century with the many innovations of Antonio Vivaldi. His earliest concertos made use of the ritornello form, in which tonalities are established and reestablished throughout a movement by orchestral refrains. The form was the first to regularly present a recurring musical motif in several contrasting tonalities. Vivaldi also incorporated techniques largely unused outside of opera, such as the orchestral unison and onomatopoeic effects. His compositions contain slow, lyrical passages that allow for and encourage improvisation and embellishment. Suited to a variety of settings and functions, from secular to recreational, Vivaldi’s concertos were highly accessible and diverse. 2 Bach was among the many influenced by Vivaldi’s style. An unofficial student of the Italian composer, Bach devotedly transcribed Vivaldi’s concertos by hand, often rescoring them. [3] Bach’s attention to detail and expertise in musical structure gave his own works a refreshing individuality. His compositions included new, virtuosic instrumental techniques and applications, particularly for the harpsichord. Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos brim with dense compositional textures, complex instrumentations (combining strings, brass, woodwind and keyboard instruments) and unusual mixtures of conventions usually exclusive to their own specific form of concerto. Featuring an astonishing amount of instruments, the Brandenburg Concertos make for a tonally diverse listening experience. Taking every sound in his palette into consideration, Bach orchestrates passages both instrumentally homogenous (specifically, string ensemble) and unusually varied (combining recorder and trumpet). The instrumental parts are as unique and unusual as they are difficult: violas da gamba back atypically soloing violas, a recorder fights to sing above a trumpet, and a violin piccolo plays a fast melody customarily reserved for other members of its instrumental family. [4] Following the conventions of the concerto grosso form, the second Brandenburg concerto features two ensembles: the concertino, a small group of soloists, and the ripieno, the larger orchestra accompanying them. The concerto is scored for the violin, viola, flute, trumpet, oboe and continuo. The elaborate interplay between the soloists and the ripieno is most apparent in the manipulation of recurring musical themes. [pic] mm. 1-7 The first measures establish the ritornello, played in unison by both the soloist and larger orchestra, with contrapuntal voices in the accompaniment. The theme is grandiose; the repeating 16th-16th-8th note motif excitedly calls for the listener’s immediate attention, heralding a rising and falling stream of 16th notes that seems to relay some thrilling news. [pic] mm. 8-9, violin A second theme, a brief solo, follows the ritornello, marking the entrance of a solo instrument in its every occurrence. The solo instrument is supported only by the continuo and at most one other instrument in the concertino; the orchestra is at rest. The melody floats sweetly, lingering on a trill as a temporary reprieve from the uproar of the orchestra. The second theme is played by the violin in its first instance and in subsequent occurrences by the oboe, flute and trumpet, respectively. The two themes (the first truncated) alternate in rapid two-measure exchanges. Changes in pitch and direction in the solo passages bring about modulation in the restated ritornellos that follow, shifting the mood of the piece and establishing the soloists and the driving force behind its movement. As the solo guides, the opening of each ritornello serves as a point of arrival. [5] This pattern is characteristic of Vivaldi’s style: his concertos typically began with a full statement of the orchestral ritornello, which would re-emerge between alternating solo passages in a notably altered form. 3 [pic] mm. 9-11 (top), 13-15 (bottom) The first example of this occurs in the transition from the solo passage to the restatement of the ritornello in measures 14 to 15. Reflecting a single change in the solo (a high C replaces the F in the last note), the transposed ritornello moves the piece into the key of C, the dominant to the tonic key of F. To the listener, the key change instills a sense of triumphant accumulation and a desire for eventual resolution. [pic] mm. 31-37, trumpet (top) and oboe (bottom) The next modulation takes the piece to the key of D minor, the relative minor to the tonic key. Against a suddenly (and unexpectedly) downcast orchestra, the high-pitched trumpet introduces a new theme: a simple, prolonged four note sequence that contrasts with the complex and rapid movement of the accompaniment. The oboe answers this sequence between the trumpet’s restatements, gradually guiding it to a lower pitch range. As the trumpet’s sequence tapers off, the full orchestra returns to another restatement of the ritornello.

Sample Essay on Dowry System - Learn How to Write Essays Easily

Sample Essay on Dowry System - Learn How to Write Essays EasilyAre you the student who has a very good memory but is under a lot of pressure due to your English paper? Do you find it difficult to write on your sample essay on dowry system? It is time to break free from the original paper that you are trying to write and you can do so easily by reading this article.Writing a paper is different from writing a textbook. You do not have to use common grammar and spelling errors. You will even be able to say what you want and without changing anything. To improve your writing skills, you should make a thorough research on different styles of writing.In the early part of the 1980s, the American writer Irvine Welsh wanted to show how he can develop a poor writer and get him writing an English paper as he was gifted with a wonderful memory. Irvine Welsh made use of different formatting methods to make it so that the readers will not notice that there are mistakes.The style that Irvine Welsh used to help the poor English paper is what is called 'body thesis'. It is basically when a person starts talking about the theme of the English paper. You should avoid using the words 'like'should' because they are not good examples of punctuation and spelling errors. Instead, you should try to add two or three words to ensure that the sentence is complete.Now that you know how to write an essay, you must work on improving the content. I personally recommend that you start your study by first trying to type your essay. This would help you become familiar with the grammar and spelling errors that you make in typing.In order to prepare yourself for writing the sample essay on dowry system, you can also watch a few videos that you have created yourself. These videos will also help you get familiar with the way you think and how you write in general. When you are done with the video, you can then give yourself a few minutes to reflect on your ideas and questions.You can read and watch a lot of tutorials in order to gain a thorough knowledge about writing a sample essay on dowry system. You can also ask a teacher for the best tutor available in your area.

Reflection on Capitalism essays

Reflection on Capitalism essays It seems that in the United States of America Capitalism streams with grace. For me capitalism seems to be the best way for an economy to grow. Some may say, capitalism is unfair in terms of competition and giving the best possible price to the consumer. Or that capitalism creates classes where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Im no doctor of the economy, or a spokesperson for all of America, but I feel that companys can be more profitable both in an economic and a personal standpoint by running a business based on capitalism. Looking at the predicament with competition, from most of my experiences at this stage of life for me, competition has done great things in terms of making products cheaper for me. For example, the computer hardware business, I built a computer one year ago using an Intel Pentium II 300mhz processor. I paid $520 for the motherboard and processor. Since AMD (a competitor of Intel) came out with the AMD K-6-2 processor, Intels prices have dropped considerably. As a matter of fact, I was on the Internet just yesterday and saw that I could by an Intel Pentium II 333mhz processor and a motherboard for just $335. Its just too bad that I couldnt say the same for Microsofts prices. But that topic alone could spawn a novel. I think that of late, many Americans have less faith in their government than they did 50 years ago. And having the government control the countrys industry would create all kinds of dilemmas. I was thinking about the statement the rich get richer and the poor get poorer and also about capitalism creating economic classes among society. Again, Im not a economics major, so the next few statements are going to be based on my assumption that - the difference between say, a doctors salary and a janitors salary in a capitalist economy would be much more significant than in a socialist econ...

9 Weird Careers You Can Pursue in the USA

9 Weird Careers You Can Pursue in the USA 9 Weird Careers You Can Pursue in the USA Maybe you picked your major to pursue a specific career, but most of us go into our college education with an â€Å"open mind† (i.e., not having thought it through). As a result, we have a world of professional possibilities open to us. And though you might eventually opt for something conventional, it’s worth at least considering some more unusual options. Take this list of ten weird careers, for instance†¦ 1. Snake Milker Snake milkers have the peculiar job of squeezing the faces of deadly snakes, thereby extracting the venom for use in antivenoms. Although this is laudable, especially if you live in snake country, we can’t get past the fact that it involves putting your hands into the bitey bit of a venomous reptile. Not for the fainthearted. Theres nothing quite as refreshing as a cold glass of snake milk. [Photo: Barry Rogge] 2. Iceberg Wrangler Speaking of bravery, how do you fancy going toe-to-toe with an iceberg? That’s what the men and women of the International Ice Patrol do, patrolling the North Atlantic on the lookout for rogue chunks of ice! 3. Canine Surfboard Instructor While the International Ice Patrol focuses on keeping our coastal waters free from icebergs, others are working hard to fill them with surfboarding canines. Do the dogs get any say in it, though? Well leave you to judge how enthusiastic this guy feels about riding the waves. [Photo: Mike Baird] 4. Feeling Strangers’ Faces If you’re the kind of tactile person who instantly hugs strangers, why not put these skills to use as a professional â€Å"face feeler†? Otherwise known by the less-creepy term â€Å"sensory scientists,† face feelers run their highly-sensitive digits over people’s faces to test the effects of new cosmetic products. 5. Snuggling And if face feeling doesn’t satisfy your need for intimacy with strangers, you could always become a professional snuggler (don’t worry: it’s strictly platonic). 6. Dog Food Tester Maybe you think forcing dogs onto surfboards is cruel and want to do something to improve the lives of man’s best friend? How about testing their disgusting food? Yummy. The real question, of course, is why dog food manufacturers need professional testers when they cater for an animal that will happily eat its own vomit. Hungry yet? [Photo: NekoJaNekoJa] 7. Lip Reader (Sort Of) Nope, not the useful kind that interprets speech from watching lip movements alone. We’re talking about lipstick readers, who claim to tell your fortune based on the mark left by your lips. Like a palm reader, but with lips. Were sure theyre completely legit. Ahem. 8. Baby Name Consultant Picking a name for your child is a big decision, so why not get third-party advice? If you do follow this career path, please promise not to use your powers for evil by telling credulous parents-to-be that â€Å"Anusol† is a perfectly acceptable name for a girl. 9. Chicken Sexer Not quite as horrific as it sounds, but it does involve checking the sex of thousands of hatchling chicks in quick succession to divide them into males and females. So definitely a specialist interest.

Man versus Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Man versus Nature - Essay Example On the contrary sometimes it becomes like a foe of man in the form of the grim harshness of the rough oceans, thundering and sometimes deadly lightning, earthquakes, tsunamis, violent blizzard and fatal frozen climate. The nature proves its valour through various such disasters and calamities which in a moment destroy the human existence. Famous English poet, William Blake shows two contradictory forms of nature one is innocent (Lamb) and another is fierce, violent (Tiger) in his collection of poems â€Å"Songs of Innocence,† and â€Å"Song of Experience.† Through it the nature always shows the fragility of human existence. Nature is neutral. It is the man, whose perception is different. While discussing on the topic â€Å"Man v/s Nature,† The theory of naturalism is important to be discussed to understand the relationship between nature and its inhabitants. Key words: Naturalism, nature, man, harmonious, indifferent The Theory of Naturalism: The theory of Natura lism can be defined as a theory in literature which highlights the role of environment upon human characters. The writers between the age of 1880 and 1940 were influenced by the theory of Naturalism. ... The Application of the Naturalism theory in â€Å"Open Boat,† and â€Å"To Build a Fire† The same theory of Naturalism is the base of many writers of the age of 1880 and 1940. Among them were the two major writers, Stephen Crane and Jack London. Their short stories have been taken into consideration for the discussion. The first one is â€Å"Open Boat,† written by Stephen Crane, and another is â€Å"To Build a Fire,† by Jack London. Both of these stories are based on the eternal struggle of man against nature and their partial or complete defeat to fight with against nature. These stories depict man’s fight for survival against extreme adverse conditions of nature. â€Å"The Open Boat† is a true story based on the actual incident happened in the writer’s life when he was travelling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent. He was caught in the fierce ocean and was fighting for life for 30 hours along. He had been accompanied by his three companions. His four characters of this story include the Captain, the oiler, the correspondent, and the cook. These are the human character and one more character appears throughout the story which is non human and abstract, and it is nature. Nature has played the role of an antagonist of this story. It can be described as a revenge story in which the revenge is being taken by nature according to Crane’s point of view. At least the tone of the story expresses the enmity between man and the nature. All of these four men are ceaselessly trying to save their boat from the menace of swamping. The writer wants to indicate that nature has a lack of concern of what is happening with the man and thus behaves like a retaliating antagonist. Indifference of Nature towards Man The birds are sitting comfortably and they

A comprehensive business plan for a new start-up venture Essay

A comprehensive business plan for a new start-up venture - Essay Example The head quarters is expected to be run by a total of 5000 employees comprising those in the production unit, assemble plant and various positions of marketing. Each distribution shop is expected to have 3 shopkeepers. The mission of the company is to become the gateway to academic success for students at all levels of education in the UK, especially those at the pre-tertiary level who hardly have any opportunity of owning their own Tablet PCs. The company’s business composition comprises three major aspects of work, which are production, marketing and servicing. For each of these components of business, the company has different capabilities, which are spread across different stages of the company’s lifeline. These are briefly summarised in the table below Different components of business are expected to be made up of different personnel in terms of numbers, qualification, job type, and job description. There shall however be no specific requirements by way of gender. The table below outlines the number personnel and qualifications needed for each component by timeline of the company. The three major components are going to be managed by different hierarchies of managers, administrators and supervisors. The hierarchy is needed to make the practice of organisational reporting easier and free flowing. The chart below gives an overview of the organisational hierarchy to be in place at the workplace The product named Slate is a basically an academic Tablet PC. This means the product can be described from two major perspectives, which are academic and Tablet PC. The academic component is simply made of both pre-installed and customised educational tools. The pre-installed educational tools focus on school based syllabus for different courses at different stages of education. At the secondary level for example, there will be syllabus on courses such as Biology, Geography, Home Science, etc. The tablet component is basically a

Karl Marx: History as Explicable Human Activity Essay -- Philosophy Hi

History as Explicable Human Activity as Seen by Karl Marx Using phrases such as" innocent and childlike fantasies," Karl Marx unambiguously attacks the Hegelian philosophy preponderant during his time, citing in its concept of history an irrevocable divorce with reality. For Marx, history is exactly what it seems to be: a succession of human events in which ideas such as the division of labor, production, and revolution replace their immaterial Hegelian counterparts, if even such counterparts exist. In fact, Marx accuses the token historian of ignoring the fundamental aspects of actual human activity while instead concentrating upon non-actualized ideas at best and imaginary metaphysical concepts at worst. "History is nothing but the succession of separate generations, each of which exploits the materials, capital, and productive forces handed down to it by all preceding generations." Marx resists any abstraction from this idea, believing that his materialistic ideas alone stand supported by empirical evidence which seems impossible to the Hegelian. His history then begin... Karl Marx: History as Explicable Human Activity Essay -- Philosophy Hi History as Explicable Human Activity as Seen by Karl Marx Using phrases such as" innocent and childlike fantasies," Karl Marx unambiguously attacks the Hegelian philosophy preponderant during his time, citing in its concept of history an irrevocable divorce with reality. For Marx, history is exactly what it seems to be: a succession of human events in which ideas such as the division of labor, production, and revolution replace their immaterial Hegelian counterparts, if even such counterparts exist. In fact, Marx accuses the token historian of ignoring the fundamental aspects of actual human activity while instead concentrating upon non-actualized ideas at best and imaginary metaphysical concepts at worst. "History is nothing but the succession of separate generations, each of which exploits the materials, capital, and productive forces handed down to it by all preceding generations." Marx resists any abstraction from this idea, believing that his materialistic ideas alone stand supported by empirical evidence which seems impossible to the Hegelian. His history then begin...

Korematsu v. United States

IntroductionToyosaburo Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), is considered to be the most important of the Japanese-American cases because it upheld the forced exclusion of loyal citizens. The case was decided by a 6 to 3 majority vote by the Justices to sustain Korematsu’s conviction for exclusion order violation. Justice Hugo Black authored the majority opinion. The dissenter in the decision among others was Justice Frank Murphy. If situations arise in which legal reasoning overrides the value of a narrative, it may be time for the decision makers to reformulate the law. The Justices in Korematsu, in making their decision had the authority to use the law as they did, but they also had the authority to go the other direction and strike down the wrongful actions of the government. The following opinions of the Court fully explain the facts of the case.Majority Opinion: Justice BlackJustice Black, considered at the time to be the civil libertarian of the Court, deliv ered the majority opinion in Korematsu v. United States, upholding the conviction of Fred Korematsu. He began by stating that â€Å"all legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group are immediately suspect† (Korematsu 216). He then qualified this statement by asserting that not all such restrictions are unconstitutional, but that they should be subject to the most rigid scrutiny (216).Black then laid the legal groundwork for the case by reciting the Congressional Act, which Korematsu is accused of â€Å"knowingly and admittedly† violating. Korematsu is convicted of violating the Congressional Act sanctioned via Executive Order No. 9066, requiring ‘every possible protection against espionage and sabotage’ through national defense, and then applied via military Exclusion Order 34, requiring the exclusion of all those of Japanese ancestry from designated military zones (216).Justice Black then revealed the case context by explaini ng the precedent on which Korematsu would rely. In the series of military orders, the first violation was the curfew order. The Supreme Court upheld this conviction in the preceding case of Kiyoshi Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1944). Black explained that the both the Hirabayashi conviction and the Korematsu conviction are upheld by the same Act of Congress, aimed at protection against sabotage and espionage.The Act was disputed as unconstitutional by the petitioner in Hirabayashi because it was beyond the war powers of the government, and that the curfew order was aimed at only citizens of Japanese ancestry, and therefore discriminatory (217). Justice Black contended that these arguments were seriously considered, but that the curfew order was upheld as necessary government prevention of sabotage and espionage threatened by Japanese attack (217).Acknowledging that exclusion is a â€Å"far greater deprivation† than the curfew, Black remained supportive of the mil itary authorities because the Court was unable to prove that exclusion of those of Japanese ancestry was beyond the war power â€Å"at the time† that it occurred (218). He claimed the exclusion â€Å"has a definite and close relationship† with the prevention of sabotage and espionage (218). The petitioner disputed the assumptions on which the Hirabayashi opinion rested and contended that by May, when the exclusion was ordered, there was no longer danger of invasion (218).Black flatly rejected these contentions, reciting Hirabayashi, â€Å" ‘†¦we cannot reject as unfounded the judgment of the military authorities and of Congress that there were disloyal members of that population, whose number and strength could not be precisely and quickly ascertained’†¦most of whom we have no doubt were loyal to this country† (218-219). To the petitioner’s charge of group discrimination, Black answered that the Court sustained exclusion of the whol e group because it could not reject the military’s contention that immediate separation of the loyal from disloyal was impossible (219).The next portion of the majority opinion speaks to the petitioner’s and dissenters’ arguments against the government by giving an account and explanation of the pertinent dates that were in question as ill-fitting of the military’s assertions and the decision of the court. One of the counter arguments to the Majority opinion was that on May 30, 1942, when Korematsu was charged with remaining in the prohibited area, there were conflicting orders forbidding him both not to leave and to remain in the area (220). Justice Black refuted this argument by stating that the March 27, 1942 order stated that it was in effect until further direction from a subsequent order. The exclusion order was that subsequent order, which was given on May 3, 1942 and was to be enacted by May 9.Citing more important information concerning the dates , Justice Black explicitly conceded that before the exclusion was to take place on May 9, an instruction to report to an assembly center upon evacuation was issued, â€Å" ‘to insure the orderly evacuation and resettlement of Japanese voluntarily migrating from military area No. 1 to restrict and regulate such migration’ † (221). On May 19, 1942, before Korematsu was arrested, the military issued an order that â€Å"provided for detention of those of Japanese ancestry in assembly or relocation centers,† and so it was argued that the exclusion order could not be considered separately from the detention order (221). Justice Black refuted the notion that the Court must pass on the â€Å"whole detention program† when only the exclusion charge is before them (221).The majority asserted that since Korematsu was not convicted of failing to report to or remain in an assembly center, that they could not determine the validity of the separate order (222). Spe aking on the issue, Black stated that, â€Å" It will be time enough to decide the serious constitutional issues which [the] petitioner seeks to raise when an assembly or relocation order is applied or is certain to be applied to him and we have its terms before us† (222).Justice Black’s opinion spoke to the argument of racism in consideration of the fact that there had been no evidence of Korematsu’s disloyalty. Black denied that the order was based on racial prejudice. He implied a more complex situation, due to wartime, by stating that the Court’s task would be â€Å"simple† and its â€Å"duty clear were this a case involving the imprisonment of a loyal citizen in a concentration camp because of racial prejudice.† Black added that, â€Å"regardless of the true nature of the assembly and relocation centers†¦we are dealing specifically with nothing but an exclusion order.† (223).Finally, the majority opinion ended with the issue of military deference. Due to the military’s fear of invasion, â€Å"they [the military] decided† that the situation demanded segregation of the citizens of Japanese ancestry, and Congress determined that â€Å"they should have the power to do this† (223). Ironically Black stated that, â€Å"Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese Empire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (223). Black ended by asserting that from the â€Å"calm perspective of hindsight,† the Court cannot â€Å"say that at that time these actions were unjustified† (223).Dissenting Opinion: Justice MurphyJustice Murphy’s opinion can be referred to as the most scathing criticism of the three dissents, with his argument based on the charge of racism. First, Justice Murphy mentioned that the plea of military necessity for the exclusion came â€Å"in the absence of martial law,† and so s hould have been approved (233). He asserted that such exclusion goes beyond constitutional power into â€Å"the ugly abyss of racism† (233).Justice Murphy acknowledged the need to consider the reasoning of Military authority during war, and stated that their judgments should â€Å"not be overruled lightly† by those who may not have access to all of the military intelligence (233). He believed, however that there should be limits where martial law has not been declared (233). He claimed that individuals could not be stripped of their rights by â€Å"military necessity that has neither substance nor support† (233). Murphy explicitly reserved the right of the judicial branch to judge the validity of military discretion.Murphy cited the traditional judicial test of military discretion in depriving rights in various Court precedents: â€Å"Whether the deprivation is reasonably related to a public danger that is ‘so immediate, imminent, and impending’ as not to admit of delay and not to permit the intervention of ordinary constitutional processes to alleviate the danger† (234). He then pointed to the verbiage of the exclusion order having used the phrase ‘all person of Japanese ancestry, both alien and non-alien,’ and declared it insufficient to meet the immediate danger criteria, calling it â€Å"obvious racial discrimination† (234).The order deprived those within its scope of their Fifth Amendment rights of equal protection (235). The order also deprived them of due process, because it excluded them without hearings and deprived them of being able to live and work where they choose and move about freely (235). Justice Murphy found no correlation between the exclusion and immediate danger, citing it as a â€Å"racial restriction† that brought about more â€Å"sweeping and complete deprivations of constitutional rights in the history of this nation in the absence of martial law† (235).Justice Murphy conceded that there was a fear of invasion, sabotage and espionage at the time on the Pacific Coast, and that reasonable military action would have been appropriate; however, the â€Å"exclusion, either temporarily or permanently, of all persons with Japanese blood in their veins has no such reasonable relation† (235). The military reasons, he states, relied on the assumptions that all those of Japanese ancestry have â€Å"a dangerous tendency to commit sabotage and espionage and to aid our Japanese enemy in other ways† (235).Justice Murphy’s opinion specifies the incongruent relationship of military necessity and immediate danger by reviewing the text of General DeWitt’s final report. He found that the report erroneously assumes â€Å"racial guilt† rather than military necessity. Murphy used as an example the words of DeWitt, who â€Å"refers to all individuals of Japanese descent as ‘subversive,’ as belonging to an ‘en emy race’ whose ‘racial strains are undiluted,’ and as constituting ‘over 112,000 potential enemies†¦at large today’ along the Pacific Coast† (236).In the report, Murphy found no reliable evidence of disloyalty, using either general or menacing conduct of the Japanese aliens and citizens (236). Murphy claimed that â€Å"justification is sought, instead, mainly upon questionable racial and sociological grounds not ordinarily within the realm of expert military judgment† (236-237). He proceeded to cover and dispute the evidence provided by General DeWitt.Justice Murphy’s opinion continued with more â€Å"unverified† information used in the General’s report to the Government. He methodically included footnotes behind each of DeWitt’s assertions, which cited studies that refuted assimilation claims, clarified reasons for dual citizenship and other claims, and also pointed out statements made that were based o n pure speculation. Justice Murphy thereby disproved a â€Å"reasonable relation between the group characteristics of Japanese-Americans and the dangers of invasion, sabotage and espionage† (239).Acknowledging the long-standing racial discrimination of the group, Justice Murphy chastised the military for having based its decision on racial and sociological judgments when â€Å"every charge relative to race, religion, culture, geographical location, and legal and economic status has been substantially discredited by independent studies made by experts in these matters† (240).Justice Murphy then directed his opinion to a discussion of individual guilt, which is recognized by the United States, as opposed to group guilt. He stated that there are some disloyal individuals who are among those of Japanese ancestry, just as there are among those of German and Italian ancestry, but to cite examples of individual disloyalty as indicative of group disloyalty is discriminatory (2 40). This process, he continued, denies our legal system that is based on deprivation of rights for individual guilt (240).There were no â€Å"adequate reasons† given by the military not to treat Japanese-Americans like German-Americans and Italian-Americans, and hold investigations and hearings on an individual basis in order to separate the loyal from the disloyal (241). Murphy cited the inconsistency between the claim that â€Å" ‘time was of the essence,’ † and the time period it took for the enactment of orders. The exclusion order was issued four months after Pearl Harbor, the last order was issued eight months later, and the â€Å"last of these ‘subversive’ persons was not actually removed until almost eleven months had elapsed† (241). â€Å"Deliberation† was more â€Å"of the essence than speed† (241).Murphy emphasized the suspect representation of urgency when â€Å"conditions were not such as to warrant a declar ation of martial law† (241). Murphy held that within this time period and in these circumstances it would have been possible to hold loyalty hearings for at least the 70,000 American citizens â€Å"especially when a large part of this number represented children and elderly men and women† (242). As evidence to this, Murphy cited the fact that during a six-month period the British set up hearing boards and summoned and examined 74,000 Germans and Austrians (Korematsu Footnote 16).Finally, Justice Murphy ends his opinion in a declaration of dissent:I dissent, therefore, from this legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in any form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way of life. It is unattractive in any setting but it is utterly revolting among a free people who have embraced the principles set forth in the Constitution of the United States. (242)Discussion and SummaryThe decision set one of the gravest precedents in history for the United States. Since then, efforts at redress have been made in the form of minimal monetary compensation, congressional acts allowing Asian immigrants to become naturalized citizens, and Presidential apologies. Fred Korematsu received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in January of 1998 for his courage in standing up to an unjust deprivation of liberty. The Korematsu case is a constant reminder to Americans that civil liberties for all citizens must be especially protected under adverse conditions, even in the face of public opposition and wrongful government action.Korematsu vs. United States is one of the best examples of the Supreme Court deferring to military and government authority, even under conditions that the Court itself realizes are suspicious. The Majority Court purposely avoided ruling on the whole process of exclusion, evacuation, and internment set by the military and sanctioned by the government before Fred Korematsu’s arrest. The narrow parameters in which they ruled were highly questionable because Fred Korematsu along with the rest of the ethnic Japanese were mandated to abide by the whole process intended by the military and the government to be a program.The Justice Black’s opinion make it clear that Majority do not intend to question the reasoning of the government and military, but only to suppose that they have one and therefore that the order is valid. The Majority leans on the context of war to legitimize their decision. The Justice Murphy’s opinion targets distinct and relative issues. He comments on the racial nature of the decision while focusing separately on the indivisibility of the exclusion order from the program, the lack of evidence to back the military’s report, and the danger of constitutionally endorsing the Majority decision.The Korematsu Court, acting as final judge of the entire episode, allowed those with power to decide the prevailing value in its ruling. Their decision was not consiste nt with their duty. Justice Black, in the majority opinion, makes two strong references that reveal the Court’s intent not to question the values of those in power. In the first reference, they reject Korematsu’s arguments and rest on precedent by quoting Hirabayashi: â€Å" ‘†¦we cannot reject as unfounded the judgement of the military authorities and of Congress that their were disloyal members of the population†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Korematsu 218). The Court never answers why they cannot reject the military’s assertions, which were weak and lacking in any concrete evidence.In the second statement, Justice Black says on the Court’s behalf that, â€Å"we cannot-by availing ourselves of the calm perspective of hindsight-now say that at that time these actions were unjustified† (Korematsu 224). Again, no plausible explanation was provided. The nature of trials is such that many times they are conducted in the calm perspective of hindsig ht and their duty and purpose is to determine whether or not there is justification for the actions of those involved. Justice Murphy dutifully reviewed the military findings, and in doing so found:No reliable evidence is cited to show that such individuals were generally disloyal, or had generally so conducted themselves in this area as to constitute a special menace to defense installations or war industries, or had otherwise by their behavior furnished reasonable ground for their exclusion as a group. (Korematsu 236)Public opinion and political pressure were the initiators of the government actions, however, government and military officials were the ones who made the decisions to act on those pressures. Worse yet, in the face of this influence and power, the 1944 Supreme Court displayed the same negative value of racism as the populace by shamefully failing in their duty to remain impartial and pass judgment based on the constitutionality of the individual’s conviction. F rom the perspective of the Majority of the 1944 Supreme Court, the issues involved in the Korematsu case were based purely on their own and the government’s motives. The Supreme Court Majority completely lacked consideration for the value of the Japanese person perspective in the United States.ReferencesToyosaburo Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944). Available at: laws.findlaw.com/us/323/214.html